{"id":2519,"date":"2026-08-20T14:51:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-20T14:51:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/?p=2519"},"modified":"2026-08-20T14:51:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T14:51:58","slug":"catalytic-converter-substrate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/cleantech\/catalytic-converter-substrate\/","title":{"rendered":"Catalytic Converter Substrates: Manufacturing Process and Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e33239b479983d044790483e75171b72 is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-800b4e77 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;background-color:#12263a;margin-bottom:20px;padding-top:10px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19215f1e6a1396f83f0257af42631315\" style=\"line-height:1.4\">Key takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:6px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c:not(.this-stops-third-party-issues){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c ul.kt-svg-icon-list:not(.this-prevents-issues):not(.this-stops-third-party-issues):not(.tijsloc){margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c ul.kt-svg-icon-list{grid-row-gap:35px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c .kb-svg-icon-wrap{font-size:10px;color:#ef8e27;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap .kt-svg-icon-list-single{margin-right:10px;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap, .kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap a{line-height:1.2em;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-level-0 .kt-svg-icon-list-single svg{font-size:20px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-iconlist kt-svg-icon-list-items kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_dd7d84-5c kt-svg-icon-list-columns-1 alignnone kt-list-icon-aligntop\"><ul class=\"kt-svg-icon-list\"><style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_15120c-17 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_15120c-17\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Catalytic converter substrates are the honeycomb structures that provide the surface area required for catalytic reactions, with cell density, wall thickness, and coating uniformity directly influencing emissions performance, backpressure, and durability.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_e1a75d-5e .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_e1a75d-5e\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Ceramic cordierite and metallic FeCrAl substrates are the two primary substrate types, with ceramic offering strong thermal stability for high-volume applications and metallic substrates providing faster light-off and greater vibration tolerance.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_853254-28 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_853254-28\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Automated substrate coating involves washcoat preparation, barcode traceability, controlled coating, air stripping, drying, inversion, calcining, and final quality verification to achieve consistent coating distribution and reliable catalyst performance.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_95220d-1c .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_95220d-1c\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Inline quality control is critical for preventing coating defects, with back-pressure testing, three-stage weight verification, and automated handling helping detect channel blockage, coating weight variation, axial non-uniformity, and substrate damage.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_d18c15-55 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_d18c15-55\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Substrate requirements vary by application: heavy-duty vehicles prioritize durability, passenger cars emphasize fast cold-start light-off and high-volume production, while motorcycles and small engines often require compact, vibration-resistant metallic substrates.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_d44250-48 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_d44250-48\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\">Integrated substrate coating automation combines washcoat preparation, coating, robotic handling, thermal processing, traceability, and quality inspection into a single production system, helping manufacturers improve consistency, reduce material waste, and support emissions compliance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-dda198d43494ca37f5346e2821abc069 wp-block-paragraph\">A catalytic converter is mostly empty space. The part that does the work is a honeycomb block with thousands of parallel channels running through it, and the chemistry happens in a coating only a few micrometres thick on the channel walls. That block is the substrate, and almost everything the converter is judged on comes back to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Substrates are often treated as a commodity ceramic component, bought on price and specification sheet. In practice, cell density, wall thickness and above all coating uniformity decide how quickly the converter lights off from a cold start, how much backpressure it imposes on the engine, and whether it still meets its emissions limit at 150,000 kilometres. Two substrates with identical dimensions and identical precious metal loading can perform very differently if one was coated evenly and the other was not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-bccce80a3be3f8a55b35a3b111cf16ac wp-block-paragraph\">This article covers what substrates are made of, how coated substrates are manufactured on a production line, where quality is won and lost during coating, and how requirements shift across heavy duty trucks, passenger cars and motorcycles. The manufacturing view here reflects how <a href=\"https:\/\/cleantech.cybernetik.com\/solutions\/catalytic-converter-substrate-coating.html\">catalytic converter substrate coating systems<\/a> are actually built and operated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-link-color wp-elements-ef538220f6a409b3ac4ef75a37cf6233\"><strong><strong><strong>What the Substrate Does<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The substrate is a carrier. Its job is to present the largest possible catalytic surface area to the exhaust stream while restricting flow as little as possible, and to survive thermal cycling between ambient temperature and roughly 900 degrees Celsius for the life of the vehicle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On its own the substrate is catalytically inert. It becomes active only after washcoating, where a high surface area alumina slurry carrying platinum, palladium and rhodium is applied to the channel walls. The washcoat multiplies the effective surface area enormously, turning a smooth ceramic wall into a porous structure with far more sites where reactions can occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those reactions are what the converter exists for. Carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide, unburnt hydrocarbons are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen oxides are reduced to nitrogen. Transport remains one of the largest contributors to urban air pollution, which is why substrate performance is a regulated characteristic rather than an engineering preference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Ceramic and Metallic Substrates Compared<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two substrate families dominate production. Extruded cordierite ceramic accounts for the large majority of volume, while metallic foil substrates occupy applications where fast light off or vibration tolerance matter more than material cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Attribute<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Ceramic (cordierite)<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Metallic (FeCrAl foil)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Construction<\/td><td>Extruded honeycomb block, fired<\/td><td>Corrugated and flat foil wound or stacked, then brazed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Typical cell density<\/td><td>400 to 900 cpsi<\/td><td>200 to 1,200 cpsi, higher densities achievable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wall thickness<\/td><td>Thicker walls, typically 2 to 6 mil<\/td><td>Very thin foil, around 0.03 to 0.05 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Light off behaviour<\/td><td>Higher thermal mass, slower to reach operating temperature<\/td><td>Lower thermal mass, faster light off from cold start<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Backpressure<\/td><td>Higher for a given cell density<\/td><td>Lower open frontal area loss, better flow<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Durability profile<\/td><td>Excellent thermal stability, brittle under mechanical shock<\/td><td>Tolerant of vibration and shock, higher material cost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Common applications<\/td><td>Passenger cars, heavy duty diesel, most volume production<\/td><td>Motorcycles, small engines, close coupled and performance applications<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cell density is quoted in cells per square inch. Higher cpsi gives more catalytic surface area and better conversion, but thinner walls and more channels also mean more backpressure and greater fragility during handling and coating. The specification is always a negotiated position between emissions performance, engine efficiency and manufacturability, not a single optimum.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full has-custom-border\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-Coated-Substrates-Are-Manufactured-scaled.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2522\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-Coated-Substrates-Are-Manufactured-scaled.webp 2560w, https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-Coated-Substrates-Are-Manufactured-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-Coated-Substrates-Are-Manufactured-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-Coated-Substrates-Are-Manufactured-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-Coated-Substrates-Are-Manufactured-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/How-Coated-Substrates-Are-Manufactured-2048x1365.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>How Coated Substrates Are Manufactured<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bare substrates arrive from the extrusion supplier. What happens next, on the coating line, is where the substrate becomes a functioning converter component. A modern automated line runs roughly the following sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Washcoat blend preparation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The slurry is prepared in a series of tanks: premix, brewing and activation, with portable tanks for transfer. Solids loading, viscosity and particle size distribution are controlled here, and they determine how the slurry behaves inside a 900 cpsi channel. Blend variability at this stage is invisible until it shows up as coating weight scatter three stations later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Loading, barcode marking and scanning<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each substrate is loaded, marked with a barcode and scanned before coating. This establishes the traceability record that every later measurement is written against. For a component subject to emissions regulation, batch level records are not enough. Regulators and OEM customers expect a part level history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Coating<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The coating machine applies washcoat into the channels, typically by drawing or pushing slurry through the block under controlled vacuum or pressure. Dose accuracy here directly sets precious metal loading, which is both the largest material cost in the part and the primary determinant of conversion efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Air stripping<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An air stripper clears excess slurry from the channels. This is the step that prevents blocked cells. A blocked channel is dead volume: it contributes no conversion, raises backpressure and represents wasted precious metal. Strip pressure and duration have to be tuned to the cell density and slurry rheology in use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. Drying<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The coated block passes through a dryer to remove water from the washcoat without disturbing its distribution. Drying too aggressively pulls the coating toward the block ends and thins the middle, which is a defect that no downstream weight check will catch because total mass is unchanged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. Inversion and second coating pass<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many specifications require coating from both ends to achieve an even axial profile. Robotic pick and place handles the block, a turning station inverts it, and the coating and stripping sequence repeats. Handling here is delicate work: a coated, undried ceramic block is fragile and expensive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. Calcining and thermal processing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calcining fixes the washcoat to the substrate wall and converts precious metal precursors into their active form. Time and temperature profiles are recipe controlled and logged. This is the step that turns a coated block into a catalyst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>8. Quality verification<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finished parts pass through a back pressure checking station to confirm no channel blockage, and through weighing stations that verify coating pickup. Three stage weight checking, before coating, after drying and after calcining, isolates which step caused a deviation rather than simply flagging that one occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Where Substrate Coating Quality Is Won or Lost<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a93c187698d3ee0186a317f3c9f2bad9 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cleantech.cybernetik.com\/solutions\/catalytic-converter-substrate-coating.html\">Coating lines rarely fail outright<\/a>. They drift, and the drift shows up in warranty data long after the parts have shipped. Four failure modes account for most of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f:not(.this-stops-third-party-issues){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f ul.kt-svg-icon-list:not(.this-prevents-issues):not(.this-stops-third-party-issues):not(.tijsloc){margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f ul.kt-svg-icon-list{grid-row-gap:35px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f .kb-svg-icon-wrap{font-size:10px;color:#ef8e27;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap .kt-svg-icon-list-single{margin-right:10px;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap, .kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap a{line-height:1.2em;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-level-0 .kt-svg-icon-list-single svg{font-size:20px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-iconlist kt-svg-icon-list-items kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_cd1348-8f kt-svg-icon-list-columns-1 alignnone kt-list-icon-aligntop\"><ul class=\"kt-svg-icon-list\"><style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_904746-34 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_904746-34\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Axial coating non uniformity. <\/strong>Coating that concentrates at the inlet and thins toward the outlet gives good bench results and poor real world conversion once the front face ages.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_baa2a7-d3 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_baa2a7-d3\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Channel blockage. <\/strong>Partially or fully blocked cells raise backpressure and waste precious metal. Only inline back pressure testing on every part reliably catches it.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_adec23-b9 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_adec23-b9\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Coating weight scatter. <\/strong>Wide variation in pickup weight means some parts are under loaded and non compliant while others carry precious metal that was paid for and does nothing.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_7f0455-7f .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_7f0455-7f\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Handling damage. <\/strong>Chipped inlet faces and cracked blocks from manual transfer between stations. Robotic pick and place with defined grip forces removes most of this category outright.ine zones covering BMS and TCU programming, air leak testing, EOL electrical testing and laser marking.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:29px\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-503\" style=\"width: 65px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Frame-1.svg\" alt=\"\"><strong>&#8220;The performance of a catalytic converter begins with the substrate, where precise coating, controlled thermal processing, and rigorous inspection transform a simple honeycomb into an effective emissions-control component.&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-6bc6b22d4811b996eac9b48d6a42bdf4 is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-e8523bbf wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"text-decoration:none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-d9c85f36 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-thumbnail\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/minus-2-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-898\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/minus-2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/minus-2-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.cybernetik.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/minus-2.webp 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cleantech.cybernetik.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cleantech.cybernetik.com\/\">Cybernetik Cleantech Automation Team<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:34px\">See it in action<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Rotary Coater for Metallic Substrates with Fixed Volume Doser &amp; Air Stripper\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yiMwiS-wg5Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Applications Across Vehicle Categories<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Substrate requirements diverge sharply by application, and coating lines are configured accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8:not(.this-stops-third-party-issues){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 ul.kt-svg-icon-list:not(.this-prevents-issues):not(.this-stops-third-party-issues):not(.tijsloc){margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 ul.kt-svg-icon-list{grid-row-gap:35px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 .kb-svg-icon-wrap{font-size:10px;color:#ef8e27;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap .kt-svg-icon-list-single{margin-right:10px;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap, .kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap a{line-height:1.2em;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-level-0 .kt-svg-icon-list-single svg{font-size:20px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-iconlist kt-svg-icon-list-items kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_883eb6-a8 kt-svg-icon-list-columns-1 alignnone kt-list-icon-aligntop\"><ul class=\"kt-svg-icon-list\"><style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_8dc5a9-66 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_8dc5a9-66\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Heavy duty trucks. <\/strong>Large diameter substrates, high thermal mass, and diesel aftertreatment systems where the substrate sits alongside diesel oxidation catalysts, particulate filters and selective catalytic reduction stages. Durability targets run to hundreds of thousands of kilometres.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_20d858-bb .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_20d858-bb\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Passenger cars. <\/strong>Three way catalysts on gasoline engines, where cold start light off dominates the emissions test cycle. Close coupled positions and thin wall high cpsi substrates are common, and production volumes are the highest of any category.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_b78ca4-0f .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_b78ca4-0f\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Motorcycles and small engines. <\/strong>Compact substrates, frequently metallic, with severe vibration exposure and very tight packaging. Fast light off matters disproportionately because trip lengths are short.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cybernetik\u2019s Substrate Coating Automation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-49f836999655bc05971792e5cc7f335b wp-block-paragraph\">Cybernetik builds turnkey catalytic converter substrate coating systems that cover the full sequence above as one integrated line. The company has operated for over three decades, is headquartered in Pune with offices in the United States and the UAE, and has installed more than 6,000 systems across 30 plus countries. In the emissions control space that work has been delivered for manufacturers including BASF, Dinex, Mitsui Kinzoku, S\u00fcd-Chemie, DCL International and Ecocat India. More on the company sits on the <a href=\"https:\/\/cleantech.cybernetik.com\/about.html\">Cybernetik about page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The system scope spans four automation groups:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97:not(.this-stops-third-party-issues){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 ul.kt-svg-icon-list:not(.this-prevents-issues):not(.this-stops-third-party-issues):not(.tijsloc){margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 ul.kt-svg-icon-list{grid-row-gap:35px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 .kb-svg-icon-wrap{font-size:10px;color:#ef8e27;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap .kt-svg-icon-list-single{margin-right:10px;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap, .kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap a{line-height:1.2em;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-level-0 .kt-svg-icon-list-single svg{font-size:20px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-iconlist kt-svg-icon-list-items kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_a8179c-97 kt-svg-icon-list-columns-1 alignnone kt-list-icon-aligntop\"><ul class=\"kt-svg-icon-list\"><style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_edc605-e8 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_edc605-e8\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Washcoat automation. <\/strong>Premix, brewing, activation and portable tanks with controlled blend preparation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_b73ee5-4e .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_b73ee5-4e\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Coating automation. <\/strong>Coating machine and air stripper with recipe controlled dose and strip parameters.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_92d661-74 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_92d661-74\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Substrate handling and thermal processing. <\/strong>Dryer, calciner, robotic pick and place, and track and trace across every transfer.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_264eaf-2f .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_264eaf-2f\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Quality checks. <\/strong>Back pressure checking station and weighing stations for three stage weight verification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What the integrated approach changes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e:not(.this-stops-third-party-issues){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e ul.kt-svg-icon-list:not(.this-prevents-issues):not(.this-stops-third-party-issues):not(.tijsloc){margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e ul.kt-svg-icon-list{grid-row-gap:35px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e .kb-svg-icon-wrap{font-size:10px;color:#ef8e27;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap .kt-svg-icon-list-single{margin-right:10px;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap, .kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap a{line-height:1.2em;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-level-0 .kt-svg-icon-list-single svg{font-size:20px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-iconlist kt-svg-icon-list-items kt-svg-icon-list-items2519_4cb5d8-7e kt-svg-icon-list-columns-1 alignnone kt-list-icon-aligntop\"><ul class=\"kt-svg-icon-list\"><style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_2912ba-43 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_2912ba-43\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Part level traceability. <\/strong>Real time data track and trace across the line, so every finished substrate carries its own process and test record for emissions compliance and customer audits.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_f66759-96 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_f66759-96\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Automated accept and reject. <\/strong>Robotic pick and place removes rejected parts after each critical stage rather than letting them consume downstream precious metal and oven time.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_28a443-6e .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_28a443-6e\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Single line accountability. <\/strong>Design, build, installation and support sit with one engineering team, so blend chemistry, coating parameters and thermal profiles are tuned against each other rather than in isolation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_8ceffa-76 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_8ceffa-76\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Operator safety by design. <\/strong>Inbuilt safety systems around slurry handling and high temperature processing stages.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_4235f0-5f .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-2519_4235f0-5f\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_circle kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><strong>Customised to product mix. <\/strong>Lines configured for heavy duty truck, passenger car or motorcycle substrate formats, or for plants running more than one.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-ac152bf2f15fc4c7252137b9076b5ae4 is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-bcf883e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;background-color:#12263a;margin-bottom:20px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f22099acdeda5e510eedec4b07580a36 wp-container-content-29dca9c1\" style=\"font-size:34px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4\">Want to know more about our solution?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons wp-container-content-69bc4bdf is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-88867f99 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:6;padding-right:6;padding-bottom:6;padding-left:6\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-text-align-right wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/meetings-eu1.hubspot.com\/anand-gaikar\" style=\"background-color:#ee8d26;padding-top:10px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:20px\">Book a call<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\"><strong>Frequently asked questions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:14px;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #949494;border-right:0px solid #949494;border-bottom:1px solid #abb8c3;border-left:0px solid #949494;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#ffffff;font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);line-height:1.5em;letter-spacing:-0.1px;font-weight:400;text-transform:capitalize;color:#12263a;padding-top:14px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:16px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#12263a;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#12263a;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#12263a;background:#ffffff;border-top-color:#474747;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#474747;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#474747;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#474747;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ff6900;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ff6900;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#12263a;background:#ffffff;border-top-color:#abb8c3;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#abb8c3;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#abb8c3;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#abb8c3;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ff6900;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ff6900;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #949494;border-right:0px solid #949494;border-bottom:1px solid #abb8c3;border-left:0px solid #949494;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#474747;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#474747;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#474747;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#474747;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#abb8c3;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#abb8c3;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#abb8c3;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#abb8c3;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:14px;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #949494;border-right:0px solid #949494;border-bottom:1px solid #abb8c3;border-left:0px solid #949494;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#474747;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#474747;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#474747;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#474747;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#abb8c3;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#abb8c3;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#abb8c3;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#abb8c3;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id2519_bca2ad-b0 kt-accordion-has-19-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-none kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane2519_73d026-77\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">What is a catalytic converter substrate?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The substrate is the honeycomb structure inside a catalytic converter that carries the catalytic coating. It presents a very large surface area to the exhaust stream through thousands of parallel channels while allowing gas to pass with minimal restriction. On its own it is chemically inert and becomes active only after washcoating.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane2519_cbae59-a1\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">What are catalytic converter substrates made of?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most substrates are extruded cordierite ceramic, a magnesium aluminium silicate chosen for its very low thermal expansion and high temperature stability. The alternative is metallic foil, usually an iron chromium aluminium alloy, wound or stacked into a honeycomb and brazed. Ceramic dominates volume production while metallic is used where fast light off or vibration resistance is critical.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-3 kt-pane2519_e8d787-eb\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">What does cpsi mean in substrate specifications?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cells per square inch, the count of channels across the substrate face. Higher cpsi provides more catalytic surface area and better conversion efficiency, but also thinner walls, higher backpressure and greater fragility during handling and coating. Typical automotive substrates run from 400 to 900 cpsi.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-11 kt-pane2519_505282-93\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">What is washcoat and why is it applied?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Washcoat is a high surface area slurry, usually alumina based, carrying the precious metals that perform the catalytic reactions. Applied to the channel walls, it converts a smooth ceramic surface into a porous structure with far greater effective surface area, which is what makes meaningful conversion possible at realistic precious metal loadings.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-18 kt-pane2519_394c04-20\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Which is better, ceramic or metallic substrate?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neither is universally better. Ceramic offers excellent thermal stability at lower cost and suits most passenger car and heavy duty applications. Metallic offers lower thermal mass for faster cold start light off and better tolerance of vibration, which suits motorcycles, small engines and close coupled positions. The application decides.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c645e628e62f8fbab9d9726851472d16 wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A catalytic converter is mostly empty space. The part that does the work is a honeycomb block with thousands of parallel channels running through it, and the chemistry happens in a&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[29],"class_list":["post-2519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cleantech","tag-cleantech"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Catalytic Converter Substrate: Manufacturing Guide | Cybernetik<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How catalytic converter substrates are made: ceramic vs metallic, the washcoat coating line stage by stage, and how requirements differ by vehicle type.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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